Content-based indexing of low resolution documents

In any multimedia presentation, the trend for attendees taking pictures of slides that interest them during the presentation using capturing devices is gaining popularity. To enhance the image usefulness, the images captured could be linked to image or video database. The database can be used for the purpose of file archiving, teaching and learning, research and knowledge management, which concern image search. However, the above-mentioned devices include cameras or mobiles phones have low resolution resulted from poor lighting and noise. Content-Based Image Retrieval (CBIR) is considered among the most interesting and promising fields as far as image search is concerned. Image search is related with finding images that are similar for the known query image found in a given image database. This thesis concerns with the methods used for the purpose of identifying documents that are captured using image capturing devices. In addition, the thesis also concerns with a technique that can be used to retrieve images from an indexed image database. Both concerns above apply digital image processing technique. To build an indexed structure for fast and high quality content-based retrieval of an image, some existing representative signatures and the key indexes used have been revised. The retrieval performance is very much relying on how the indexing is done. The retrieval approaches that are currently in existence including making use of shape, colour and texture features. Putting into consideration these features relative to individual databases, the majority of retrievals approaches have poor results on low resolution documents, consuming a lot of time and in the some cases, for the given query image, irrelevant images are obtained. The proposed identification and indexing method in the thesis uses a Visual Signature (VS). VS consists of the captures slides textual layout’s graphical information, shape’s moment and spatial distribution of colour. This approach, which is signature-based are considered for fast and efficient matching to fulfil the needs of real-time applications. The approach also has the capability to overcome the problem low resolution document such as noisy image, the environment’s varying lighting conditions and complex backgrounds. We present hierarchy indexing techniques, whose foundation are tree and clustering. K-means clustering are used for visual features like colour since their spatial distribution give a good image’s global information. Tree indexing for extracted layout and shape features are structured hierarchically and Euclidean distance is used to get similarity image for CBIR. The assessment of the proposed indexing scheme is conducted based on recall and precision, a standard CBIR retrieval performance evaluation. We develop CBIR system and conduct various retrieval experiments with the fundamental aim of comparing the accuracy during image retrieval. A new algorithm that can be used with integrated visual signatures, especially in late fusion query was introduced. The algorithm has the capability of reducing any shortcoming associated with normalisation in initial fusion technique. Slides from conferences, lectures and meetings presentation are used for comparing the proposed technique’s performances with that of the existing approaches with the help of real data. This finding of the thesis presents exciting possibilities as the CBIR systems is able to produce high quality result even for a query, which uses low resolution documents. In the future, the utilization of multimodal signatures, relevance feedback and artificial intelligence technique are recommended to be used in CBIR system to further enhance the performance

Content-based indexing of low resolution documents

In any multimedia presentation, the trend for attendees taking pictures of slides that interest them during the presentation using capturing devices is gaining popularity. To enhance the image usefulness, the images captured could be linked to image or video database. The database can be used for the purpose of file archiving, teaching and learning, research and knowledge management, which concern image search. However, the above-mentioned devices include cameras or mobiles phones have low resolution resulted from poor lighting and noise. Content-Based Image Retrieval (CBIR) is considered among the most interesting and promising fields as far as image search is concerned. Image search is related with finding images that are similar for the known query image found in a given image database. This thesis concerns with the methods used for the purpose of identifying documents that are captured using image capturing devices. In addition, the thesis also concerns with a technique that can be used to retrieve images from an indexed image database. Both concerns above apply digital image processing technique. To build an indexed structure for fast and high quality content-based retrieval of an image, some existing representative signatures and the key indexes used have been revised. The retrieval performance is very much relying on how the indexing is done. The retrieval approaches that are currently in existence including making use of shape, colour and texture features. Putting into consideration these features relative to individual databases, the majority of retrievals approaches have poor results on low resolution documents, consuming a lot of time and in the some cases, for the given query image, irrelevant images are obtained. The proposed identification and indexing method in the thesis uses a Visual Signature (VS). VS consists of the captures slides textual layout’s graphical information, shape’s moment and spatial distribution of colour. This approach, which is signature-based are considered for fast and efficient matching to fulfil the needs of real-time applications. The approach also has the capability to overcome the problem low resolution document such as noisy image, the environment’s varying lighting conditions and complex backgrounds. We present hierarchy indexing techniques, whose foundation are tree and clustering. K-means clustering are used for visual features like colour since their spatial distribution give a good image’s global information. Tree indexing for extracted layout and shape features are structured hierarchically and Euclidean distance is used to get similarity image for CBIR. The assessment of the proposed indexing scheme is conducted based on recall and precision, a standard CBIR retrieval performance evaluation. We develop CBIR system and conduct various retrieval experiments with the fundamental aim of comparing the accuracy during image retrieval. A new algorithm that can be used with integrated visual signatures, especially in late fusion query was introduced. The algorithm has the capability of reducing any shortcoming associated with normalisation in initial fusion technique. Slides from conferences, lectures and meetings presentation are used for comparing the proposed technique’s performances with that of the existing approaches with the help of real data. This finding of the thesis presents exciting possibilities as the CBIR systems is able to produce high quality result even for a query, which uses low resolution documents. In the future, the utilization of multimodal signatures, relevance feedback and artificial intelligence technique are recommended to be used in CBIR system to further enhance the performance

Cabaran Terhadap Pihak Perkhidmatan Kurier dan Pengguna Semasa Pandemik Covid-19

Kajian ini bertujuan untuk mengetengahkan dan menyelidik cabaran yang dihadapi oleh pihak perkhidmatan kurier dan pengguna akibat daripada peningkatan penggunaan perkhidmatan kurier dalam kalangan masyarakat semenjak Pandemik Covid-19 yang melanda Malaysia. Satu tinjauan dalam talian digunakan untuk mengumpul data. Terdapat 50 responden dalam kajian ini yang terdiri daripada 20 lelaki dan 30 wanita. Antara syarikat perkhidmatan kurier yang terdapat dalam kutipan data adalah Pos Malaysia dan J&T Express. Pengutipan data dilakukan kepada responden dalam anggaran umur yang berbeza dengan menilai perkhidmatan kurier pilihan pengguna, faktor kecenderungan membeli secara atas talian, kuantiti barangan yang dipesan, kepuasan terhadap perkhidmatan kurier. Keputusan daripada kajian tersebut didapati terdapat beberapa cabaran penggunaan perkhidmatan kurier yang dihadapi oleh pengguna sekaligus memberikan impak kepada pihak perkhidmatan kurier tersebut

Bluetooth-based alarm system

This paper proposes the implementation and the advantage of Bluetooth technology on wireless alarm system.The system is realized using a microcontroller PIC16F877A and MPLab IDE software as the control block to link between input and output signals. This paper is using both Bluetooth adapter and Bluetooth module to manipulate the command given to the system.In fact, the traditional 32-bit alarm security system seems dwarfed by this wireless alarm system due to its high security, more user-friendly and lower-cost.Moreover, this wireless technology could operate within a distance of up to 10m independent of line of sight even with obstacles in between.The result shows the wireless system could control intended output with no trouble within specified distance. Hence, it is concluded that the system works effectively with more improvement over the conventional system

A content-addressable memory structure using novel majority gate with 5-input in quantum-dot cellular automata

Quantum-dot Cellular Automata (QCA) technology is one of the most important new nanotechnologies and is a suitable replacement for CMOS circuits. Majority gate and Inverter are the primary building blocks in QCA circuits. Content Addressable Memory (CAM) is a type of memory used in applications that require high speed. In this paper, a novel five input majority gate is introduced. This gate is simulated with QCADesigner tool and compared with previous same structures. Then, the proposed gate used to design a CAM cell in a single layer after deriving the minority gate from the proposed majority gate. The proposed CAM cell has a simple and robust structure and does not require wire crossover, also it reduces circuit complexity by 7% in term of cell count compared to existing structures

Full adder circuit design with novel lower complexity XOR gate in QCA technology

Quantum-dot Cellular Automata (QCA) is a new technology for designing digital circuits in Nanoscale. This technology utilizes quantum dots rather than diodes and transistors. QCA supplies a new computation platform, where binary data can be represented by polarized cells, which can defne by the electron’s confgurations inside the cell. This paper explains QCA based combinational circuit design; such as half-adder and full-adder, by only one uniform layer of cells. The proposed design is accomplished using a novel XOR gate. The proposed XOR gate has a 50% speed improvement and 35% reduction in the number of cells needed over the best reported XOR. The results of QCADesigner software show that the proposed designs have less complexity and less power consumption than previous designs

Novel Memory Structures in QCA Nano Technology

Quantum-dot Cellular Automata (QCA) is a new emerging technology for designing electronic circuits in nanoscale. QCA technology comes to overcome the CMOS limitation and to be a good alternative as it can work in ultra-high-speed. QCA brought researchers attention due to many features such as low power consumption, small feature size in addition to high frequency. Designing circuits in QCA technology with minimum costs such as cells count and the area is very important. This paper presents novel structures of D-latch and D-Flip Flop with the lower area and cell count. The proposed Flip-Flop has SET and RESET ability. The proposed latch and Flip-Flop have lower complexity compared with counterparts in terms of cell counts by 32% and 26% respectively. The proposed circuits are designed and simulated in QCADesigner software

An RFID warehouse robot

RFID is one of the latest trend in the industry. Its potential application can range from warehouse to library management. This project is aimed to build an autonomous robot with RFID application. The project integrates RFID reader and PIC microcontroller as the main components. The movement control comprises servo-motor with infrared sensors for the line follower. The whole programming operation was carried out by assembly language using MPLab 7.3. The robot has the ability to identify the items by reading the tag on the items. The robot will pick up the item and navigate to prescribed destination using line follower module to store the item at the appropriate place and location. A small white platform with black line is built for demonstration and testing

Soil moisture monitoring using field programmable gate array

This paper presents a solution for remote monitoring and sensing of different agricultural parameters that effect the plant growth and productivity. Hardware descriptive language has been used for the implementation of proposed topology on Field Programmable Gate Arrays. The hardware used for this purpose is an Altera board. The simulated results take into consideration the environmental factors such as the humidity, soil moisture content and the temperature. The proposed system continuously monitors the environmental changes for any updates. The system also controls a water motor that is turned on as the system senses the reduction in moisture content. The system implementation on hard wave level show promising results and have been discussed in detailed